Progress in Pediatric Cardiology
Volume 25, Issue 2 , Pages 177-182 , September 2008

Hypertension in overweight and obese children

  • Holly M. Ippisch

      Affiliations

    • Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 2003, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Tel.: +1 513 636 4432; fax: +1 513 636 7117.
  • ,
  • Stephen R. Daniels

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, The Children's Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA

References 

  1. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. Mar 17 2005;352(11):1138–1145
  2. Gomez-Marin O, Prineas RJ, Rastam L. Cuff bladder width and blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. Oct 1992;10(10):1235–1241
  3. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents . The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. Aug 2004;114:555–576(2 Suppl 4th Report)
  4. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. NIH publication No 05-5267 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.pdf. 2005(May):1–60.
  5. Prineas RJ. Measurement of blood pressure in the obese. Ann Epidemiol. May 1991;1(4):321–336
  6. Jones DW, Appel LJ, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ, Lenfant C. Measuring blood pressure accurately: new and persistent challenges. Jama. Feb 26 2003;289(8):1027–1030
  7. Canzanello VJ, Jensen PL, Schwartz GL. Are aneroid sphygmomanometers accurate in hospital and clinic settings?. Arch Intern Med. Mar 12 2001;161(5):729–731
  8. Kaufmann MA, Pargger H, Drop LJ. Oscillometric blood pressure measurements by different devices are not interchangeable. Anesth Analg. Feb 1996;82(2):377–381
  9. Thompson DR, Obarzanek E, Franko DL, et al. Childhood overweight and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Pediatr. Jan 2007;150(1):18–25
  10. Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F. High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002. Circulation. Sep 25 2007;116(13):1488–1496
  11. Sinaiko AR, Donahue RP, Jacobs DR, Prineas RJ. Relation of weight and rate of increase in weight during childhood and adolescence to body size, blood pressure, fasting insulin, and lipids in young adults. The Minneapolis Children's Blood Pressure Study. Circulation. Mar 23 1999;99(11):1471–1476
  12. Daniels SR, Loggie JM, Khoury P, Kimball TR. Left ventricular geometry and severe left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Circulation. May 19 1998;97(19):1907–1911
  13. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Koren MJ, Meyer RA, Laragh JH. Effect of growth on variability of left ventricular mass: assessment of allometric signals in adults and children and their capacity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 1995;25(5):1056–1062
  14. Hanevold C, Waller J, Daniels S, Portman R, Sorof J. The effects of obesity, gender, and ethnic group on left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in hypertensive children: a collaborative study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association. Pediatrics. Feb 2004;113(2):328–333
  15. Ippisch HIT, Daniels S, Wang B, et al. Reversibility of cardiac abnormalities in morbidly obese adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(14):1342–1348
  16. Yoshinaga M, Yuasa Y, Hatano H, et al. Effect of total adipose weight and systemic hypertension on left ventricular mass in children. Am J Cardiol. Oct 15 1995;76(11):785–787
  17. de Simone G, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, et al. Evaluation of concentric left ventricular geometry in humans: evidence for age-related systematic underestimation. Hypertension. Jan 2005;45(1):64–68
  18. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. Jun 4 1998;338(23):1650–1656
  19. McGill HC, McMahan CA, Tracy RE, et al. Relation of a postmortem renal index of hypertension to atherosclerosis and coronary artery size in young men and women. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Jul 1998;18(7):1108–1118
  20. Litwin M, Trelewicz J, Wawer Z, et al. Intima-media thickness and arterial elasticity in hypertensive children: controlled study. Pediatr Nephrol. Jul 2004;19(7):767–774
  21. Arnett DK, Glasser SP, McVeigh G, et al. Blood pressure and arterial compliance in young adults: the Minnesota Children's Blood Pressure Study. Am J Hypertens. Mar 2001;14(3):200–205
  22. Aggoun Y, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Marchand LM, Golay E, Maggio AB, Beghetti M. Impaired endothelial and smooth muscle functions and arterial stiffness appear before puberty in obese children and are associated with elevated ambulatory blood pressure. Eur Heart J. Mar 2008;29(6):792–799
  23. Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics. Jan 2003;111(1):61–66
  24. Lande MB, Carson NL, Roy J, Meagher CC. Effects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima media thickness: a matched controlled study. Hypertension. Jul 2006;48(1):40–44
  25. Meyer AA, Kundt G, Steiner M, Schuff-Werner P, Kienast W. Impaired flow-mediated vasodilation, carotid artery intima-media thickening, and elevated endothelial plasma markers in obese children: the impact of cardiovascular risk factors. Pediatrics. May 2006;117(5):1560–1567
  26. Di Salvo G, Pacileo G, Del Giudice EM, et al. Abnormal myocardial deformation properties in obese, non-hypertensive children: an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, standard echocardiographic, and strain rate imaging study. Eur Heart J. Nov 2006;27(22):2689–2695
  27. Hoq S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Childhood blood pressure predicts adult microalbuminuria in African Americans, but not in whites: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. Dec 2002;15(12):1036–1041
  28. Belsha C, Spencer HR, Berry P, Plummer J, Wells T. Diurnal blood pressure patterns in normotensive and hypertensive children and adolescents. J Hum Hyperten. Dec 1997;11(12):801–806
  29. Mitsnefes M, Ho PL, McEnery PT. Hypertension and progression of chronic renal insufficiency in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). J Am Soc Nephrol. Oct 2003;14(10):2618–2622
  30. Verrotti A, Trotta D, di Corcia G, Chiarelli F. New trends in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in children. Expert Opin Pharmacother. Aug 2002;3(8):1169–1176
  31. Lande MBKJ, Auinger P, Schwartz GJ, Weitzman M. Elevated blood pressure and decreased cognitive function among school-age children and adolescents in the United States. J Pediatr. 2003;143:720–724
  32. Logan P, Eustace P, Robinson R. Hypertensive retinopathy: a cause of decreased visual acuity in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Sep–Oct 1992;29(5):287–289
  33. Haas DC, Foster GL, Nieto FJ, et al. Age-dependent associations between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: importance of discriminating between systolic/diastolic hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Circulation. Feb 8 2005;111(5):614–621
  34. Rocchini AP, Katch V, Anderson J, et al. Blood pressure in obese adolescents: effect of weight loss. Pediatrics. Jul 1988;82(1):16–23
  35. Couch SC, Saelens BE, Levin L, Dart K, Falciglia G, Daniels SR. The efficacy of a clinic-based behavioral nutrition intervention emphasizing a DASH-type diet for adolescents with elevated blood pressure. J Pediatr. Apr 2008;152(4):494–501
  36. Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, Atkins DL, Hayman LL, Taubert K. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation. Mar 25 2003;107(11):1562–1566
  37. Urbina EM, Kieltkya L, Tsai J, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Impact of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on brachial artery distensibility in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. Jun 2005;18(6):767–771
  38. Yusuf HR, Giles WH, Croft JB, Anda RF, Casper ML. Impact of multiple risk factor profiles on determining cardiovascular disease risk. Prev Med. Jan–Feb 1998;27(1):1–9
  39. Lonn E, Shaikholeslami R, Yi Q, et al. Effects of ramipril on left ventricular mass and function in cardiovascular patients with controlled blood pressure and with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a substudy of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 16 2004;43(12):2200–2206
  40. Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, et al. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. N Engl J Med. Jun 8 2006;354(23):2443–2451
  41. Morrison A, Ramey DR, van Adelsberg J, Watson DJ. Systematic review of trials of the effect of continued use of oral non-selective NSAIDs on blood pressure and hypertension. Curr Med Res Opin. Oct 2007;23(10):2395–2404
  42. Murphy CA, Dargie HJ. Drug-induced cardiovascular disorders. Drug Safety. 2007;30(9):783–804

PII: S1058-9813(08)00031-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2008.05.002

Progress in Pediatric Cardiology
Volume 25, Issue 2 , Pages 177-182 , September 2008