Progress in Pediatric Cardiology
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 41-51 , May 2006

The heart–brain interaction in the fetus: Cerebrovascular blood flow in the developing human

References 

  1. Heyman MA, Rudolph AM. Effects of congenital heart disease on fetal and neonatal circulations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1972;15:115–143
  2. Cohn HE, Sacks EJ, Heymann MA, Rudolph AM. Cardiovascular response to hypoxemia and academia in fetal lambs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;120:817–824
  3. Rudolph AM. The fetal circulation and postnatal adaptation. In:  Rudolph AM editors. Congenital diseases of the heart: clinical–physiological considerations. Fully revised and updated 2nd edition. New York: Futura Publishing Company, Inc.; 2001;p. 3–43
  4. Rosenthal GL. Patterns of prenatal growth among infants with cardiovascular malformations: possible fetal hemodynamic effects. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;143:505–513
  5. Spiers PS. Does growth retardation predispose the fetus to congenital malformation?. Lancet. 1982;1:312–314
  6. Richards MR, Merritt KK, Samuels MH, et al. Congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system in a series of 6,053 infants. Pediatrics. 1955;15:12–29
  7. Mehrize A, Drash A. Birth weight of infants with cyanotic and acyanotic congenital malformations of the heart. J Ped. 1961;59:715–718
  8. Naeye RL. Anatomic features of growth failure in congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 1967;39:433–440
  9. Levy RJ, Rosenthal A, Fyler DC, et al. Birthweight of infants with congenital heart disease. Am J Dis Child. 1978;132:249–252
  10. Khoury JD, Erickson MJ, Cordero JF, et al. Congenital malformations and intrauterine growth retardation: a population study. Pediatrics. 1988;82:83–89
  11. Kramer HH, Trampisch HJ, Rammor S, et al. Birth weight of children with congenital heart disease. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149:752–757
  12. Rosenthal GL, Wilson PD, Permutt T, et al. Birth weight and cardiovascular malformations: a population-based study. The Baltimore-Washington infant study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:1273–1281
  13. Glauser TA, Rorke LB, Weinberg PM, et al. Congenital brain anomalies associated with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics. 1990;85:984–990
  14. Mahle WT, Tavani F, Zimmerman RA, et al. An MRI study of neurologic injury before and after congenital heart surgery. Circ. 2002;106:109–114
  15. Van Houten JP, Rothman I, Bejar R. High incidence of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in full term infants with congenital heart disease. Am J Perinatol. 1996;13:47–53
  16. Glauser TA, Rorke LB, Weinberg PM, et al. Acquired neuropathologic lesions associated with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics. 1990;85:991–1000
  17. Limperopoulos C, Majnemer A, Shevell MI, Rosenblatt B, Rohlicek C, Tcheervenkov C. Neurodevelopmental status of newborns and infants with congenital heart defects before and after open heart surgery. J Pediatr. 2000;137:638–645
  18. Limperopoulos C, Majnemer A, Shevell MI, Rosenblatt B, Rohlicek C, Tcheervenkov C. Neurologic status of newborns with congenital heart defects before open heart surgery. Pediatrics. 1999;103:402–408
  19. Arbeille PH, Roncin A, Berson M, et al. Exploration of the fetal cerebral blood flow by duplex Doppler-linear array system in normal and pathologic pregnancies. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1987;13:329–337
  20. Gramellini D, Folli MC, Raboni S, et al. Cerebral–umbilical Doppler ratio as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:416–420
  21. Mari G, Deter RL. Middle cerebral artery flow velocity waveforms in normal and small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1262–1270
  22. Rizzo G, Arduini D, Luciano R, et al. Prenatal cerebral Doppler ultrasonography and neonatal neurologic outcome. J Ultrasound Med. 1989;8:237–240
  23. Wladimiroff JW, Wijngaard JA, Degani S, et al. Cerebral and umbilical arterial blood flow velocity waveforms in normal and growth-retarded pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;69:705–709
  24. Woo JSK, Liang ST, Lo RLS, et al. Middle cerebral artery Doppler flow velocity waveforms. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:613–676
  25. Wladimiroff JW, Tonge HM, Stewart PA. Doppler ultrasound assessment of cerebral blood flow in the human fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;93:471–475
  26. Hecher K, Campbell S, Doyle P, et al. Assessment of fetal compromise by Doppler ultrasound investigation of the fetal circulation. Circulation. 1995;91:129–138
  27. Donofrio MT, Bremer Y, Schieken RM, et al. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in fetuses with congenital heart disease: the brain sparing effect. Ped Cardiol. 2003;24:436–443
  28. Kaltman JR, Di H, Tian Z, Rychik J. Impact of congenital heart disease on cerebrovascular blood flow dynamics in the fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25:32–36
  29. Meise C, Germer U, Gembruch U. Arterial Doppler ultrasound in 115 second and third trimester fetuses with congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;17:398–402
  30. Newburger JW, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G, et al. A comparison of the perioperative neurologic effects of hypothermic circulatory arrest versus low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass in infant heart surgery. New Engl J Med. 1993;329:1057–1064
  31. Bellinger DC, Wypij D, Kuban KC, et al. Developmental and neurologic status of children at 4years of age after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 1999;100:526–532
  32. Malile WT, Clancy RR, Moss EM, Gerdes M, Jobes DR, Wernovsky G. Neurodevelpmental outcome and lifestyle assessment in school aged and adolescent children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr. 2000;105:1082–1089
  33. Clark EB. Epidemiology of congenital cardiovascular malformations. In:  Emmanouilidies GC,  Riemenschneider TA,  Allen HD,  Gutgesell HP editor. Moss and Adams heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents. Including the fetus and young adult. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1995;p. 60–70
  34. Volpe JJ. Brain injury and infant cardiac surgery: overview. In:  Jonas RA,  Newburger JW,  Volpe JJ editor. Brain injury and pediatric cardiac surgery. Newton, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1996;p. 1–10
  35. Ferry PC. Neurologic sequelae of open-heart surgery in children. An irritating question. Am J Dis Child. 1990;144:369–373
  36. Miller G, Mamourian AC, Tesman JR, et al. Long-term MRI changes in brain after pediatric open heart surgery. J Child Neurol. 1994;9:390–397
  37. Miller G, Eggli KD, Contant C, et al. Postoperative neurologic complications after open heart surgery on young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1993;149:764–768
  38. Miller G, Rodichok LD, Baylen BG, et al. EEG changes during open heart surgery on infants aged 6months or less; relationship to early neurologic morbidity. Ped Neurol. 1994;10:124–130
  39. Walsh AZ, Forbes Morrow D, Jonas RA. Neurologic and developmental outcomes following pediatric cardiac surgery. Nurs Clin of N Am. 1995;30:347–364
  40. Miller G, Tesman JR, Ramer JC, et al. Outcome after open-heart surgery in infants and children. J Child Neurol. 1996;11:49–53
  41. Brunberg JA, Doty DB, Reilly EL. Choreoathetosis in infants following cardiac surgery with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. J Pediatrics. 1974;84:232–235
  42. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Neonatal signs as predictor of cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 1979;64:225–232
  43. Donovan DE, Cones P, Paine RS. The prognostic implications of neurologic abnormalities in the neonatal period. Neurol. 1962;19:910
  44. Del Mundo-Vallara J, Robb JP. A follow-up study of newborn infants with perinatal complications. Neurol. 1964;14:413
  45. Prechtl HFR. Prognostic value of neurologic signs in the newborn infant. Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:3
  46. Thorn I. Cerebral symptoms in the newborn diagnostic and prognostic significance of symptoms of presumed cerebral origin. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1969;195:1
  47. Amiel-Tison C. Cerebral damage in full-term newborn. Aetiologic factors, neonatal status and long-term follow-up. Biol Neonat. 1969;14:234–250
  48. Ziegler Al AL, Calame A, Marchand C, et al. Cerebral cistress in full-term newborns and its prognostic value. A follow-up of 90 infants. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1976;31:299–317
  49. Kurtzberg D, Vaughan HG, Daum C, Gellong BA, Albin S, Rothan L. Neurobehavioral performance of low-birthweight infants at 40weeks conceptional age: comparison with normal full term infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1979;21:590–607
  50. Pretchtl HFR. The neurologic examination of the full term newborn infant. In:  Pretchtl HFR editors. Clinics in developmental medicine. Philadelphia: JB Lippencott; 1977;No. 63. S.I.M.P.
  51. Brazelton TB. Neonatal behavioral assessment scale. In:  Brazelton TB editors. Clinics in developmental medicine. Philadelphia: JB Lippencott; 1973;No. 50. S.I.M.P. with Heinman Medical
  52. Majnemer A, Rosenblatt B, Riley P. Predicting outcome in high risk newborns with a neonatal neurobehavioral assessment. Am J Occup Ther. 1994;48:723–732
  53. Majnemer A, Rosenblatt B. Prediction of outcome at school entry in neonatal intensive care unit survivors with use of clinical and electrophysiologic testing. J Peds. 1995;127:823–830
  54. Limperopoulos C, Majnemer A, Rosenblatt B, Shevell MI, Rohlicek C, Tchervenkov C. Agreement between the neonatal neurological examination and a standardized assessment of neurobehavioural performance in a group of high-risk newborns. Pediatr Rehabil. 1997;1:9–14
  55. Peeters LLH, Sheldon RE, Jones MD, et al. Blood flow to fetal organs as a function of arterial oxygen content. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;135:637–646
  56. Arbielle P, Berson M, Maulik D, et al. New implanted Doppler sensors for the assessment of the main fetal hemodynamics. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1992;18:97–103
  57. Fouron JC. Fetal cardiac function and circulatory dynamics—the impact of Doppler echocardiography. Cardiol Young. 1996;6:120–129
  58. Makikallio K, Jouppila P, Rasanan J. Retrograde aortic isthmus net blood flow and human fetal cardiac function in placental insufficiency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22:351–357
  59. Fouron JC, Gosselin J, Amiel-Tison C, et al. Correlation between prenatal velocity waveforms in the aortic isthmus and neurodevelopmental outcome between the ages of 2 and 4years. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;1(184):630–636
  60. Madazk R, Sen C, Uludag S, Ocak V. Doppler dynamics: their clinical significance and relationship with fetal blood gases and pH measurements. J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;21:448–452
  61. Bonnin P, Guyot B, Bailliart O, Bernard C, Blot P, Martineaud JP. Relationship between umbilical and fetal cerebral blood flow velocity waveforms and umbilical venous blood gas. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1992;2:18–22
  62. Dubiel M, Gunnarssin GO, Gudmundsson S. Blood redistribution in the fetal brain during chronic hypoxia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;117–121
  63. Huhta JC, Moise KJ, Fisher DJ, Scharif DS, Wasserstrum N, Martin C. Detection and quantitation of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation. 1987;75:406–412
  64. Berning RA, Silverman NH, Villegas M, et al. Reversed shunting across the ductus arteriosus or atrial septum in utero heralds severe congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:481–486
  65. Kleinman CS, Donnerstein RL, De Vore GR, et al. Fetal echocardiography for evaluation of in utero congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:568–575
  66. Maeno YV, Kamenir SA, Sinclair B, vanderVelde ME, Smallhorn JF, Hornberger LK. Prenatal features of ductus arteriosus constriction and restrictive foramen ovale in d-transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 1999;99:1209–1214
  67. Feit LR, Copel JA, Kleinman CS. Foramen ovale size in the normal and abnormal human fetal heart: an indicator of transatrial flow physiology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1991;1:313–319
  68. Donofrio MT, Bremer YA, Moskowitz WB. Diagnosis and management of restricted or closed foramen ovale in fetuses with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1348–1351
  69. Gilbert RD. Control of fetal cardiac output during changes in blood volume. Am J Physiol. 1980;238:H80–H86
  70. Chi JG, Dooling EC, Gilles FH. Gyral development of the human brain. Ann Neurol. 1977;1:86–93

PII: S1058-9813(06)00005-1

doi: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2006.01.004

Progress in Pediatric Cardiology
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 41-51 , May 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution